Effect of submarine groundwater discharge on bacterial indicators and swimmer health at Avalon Beach, CA, USA.

摘要: Use of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) for monitoring beach water quality is based on their co-occurrence with human pathogens, a relationship that can be dramatically altered by fate and transport processes after leaving the intestine. We conducted prospective cohort study at Avalon Beach, California (USA), where potentially affected discharge sewage-contaminated groundwater solar radiation levels this shallow, relatively quiescent beach. The goals were to determine: 1) if swimmers exposed marine higher risk illness than non-swimmers; 2) FIB measured in associated swimmer illness, and; 3) associations between health modified either submarine or levels. There 7317 individuals recruited during summers 2007-08, 6165 (84%) whom completed follow-up within two weeks visit. A total 703 samples collected across multiple sites time periods recruitment days analyzed using both culture-based molecular methods. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) indicated who swallowed more likely experience Gastrointestinal Illness (GI Illness) three visit non-swimmers, was significantly elevated when high (AOR [95% CI]:2.18 [1.22-3.89]) low (2.45 [1.25-4.79]). GI not high. Associations incidence (Enterococcus EPA Method 1600) among significant we did account discharge, but strongly (1.85 [1.06, 3.23]) compared it (0.77 [0.42, 1.42]; test interaction: P = 0.03). These results demonstrate need local environmental conditions for, making decisions about, public recreational beaches. views expressed article are those authors do necessarily reflect policies U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.