Biodiversity in Marine Ecosystems—European Developments toward Robust Assessments

摘要: Sustainability of marine ecosystems and their services are dependent on biodiversity, which is threatened worldwide. Biodiversity protection a major target the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, requiring assessment status biodiversity level species, habitats, including genetic diversity role in food web functioning structure. This paper provides summary development new indicators refinement existing ones order to address some observed gaps indicator availability for assessments considering genetic, habitat, ecosystem levels. Promising available addressing microbial benthic communities. Novel assess webs associated with habitats formed by keystone species (such as macroalgae) well map biogenic reefs) using high resolution habitat characterization were developed. We also discuss advances made detecting impacts non-native invasive assessing structure food-webs. The latter based showing effects fishing trophic size distribution fish elasmobranch communities phytoplankton zooplankton community indicators. New refined ranked quality criteria). Their applicability various global need further discussed.