Escalated fighting despite predictors of conflict outcome : solving the paradox in a South American cichlid fish

摘要: Abstract Several studies have found behavioural differences between the interactions of opponents, early in a conflict. These consistently predict which individual will be winner. Surprisingly, opponents appear not to use this information: they continue fighting and even proceed highly damaging escalation. We attempted resolve paradox series experiments on male cichlids. First, cost escalating terms energy expenditure (oxygen consumption: gill movements) injuries was high. Second, previous social experience important but could explain occurrence predictors conflict outcome. Third, less artificial set-up, territory ownership asymmetrical were allowed see each other before conflict, resulted shorter with reduced escalation phases. This suggests that outcome subsequent lack response is result unnatural, symmetrical designs, as used many studies. propose following mechanism. Prospective winners postpone much possible because high involved. At same time, prospective losers fight alternatives. tested ‘desperado hypothesis’ fourth experiment, offered alternative options. conflicts both escalated absent.