Representing vehicle-technological opportunities in integrated energy modeling

摘要: Abstract Light-duty vehicles (LDVs) are responsible for more than one tenth of global energy use and CO 2 emissions therefore an important focus in pollution mitigation efforts. Integrated models (IEMs) frequently used to explore cost-optimal climate change measures supply demand sectors, such as LDVs. Options include fuel powertrain switching through efficiency standards, taxation, technology mandates. This review provides overview on how LDVs modeled 14 popular IEMs. We find that the representation options can be enhanced by linking physical outputs from industry, agriculture, conversion directly vehicle life cycle carefully reflecting factors influence LDV emissions. would allow a complete internalization mix optimization procedure The results highlight range currently not considered most integrated models, reducing embodied infrastructure production, methane leakage, or less carbon intensive crude oil grades.