A multi‐resolution ensemble study of a tropical urban environment and its interactions with the background regional atmosphere

摘要: [1] This study employed the Weather Research and Forecasting model with a single-layer urban canopy to investigate environment of tropical city, Singapore. The coupled was evaluated against available observational data from sensor network flux tower. effects land use type anthropogenic heat (AH) on thermal wind were investigated series sensitivity tests using an ensemble approach for low advection, high convective potential energy, intermonsoon season cases. diurnal cycle spatial pattern island (UHI) intensity planetary boundary layer height investigated. mean UHI peaked in early morning at 2.2°C, reaching 2.4°C in industrial areas. Sea breezes developed during daytime nighttime, respectively, former much stronger than latter. predicted that sea different coastlines Malay Peninsula meet converge, inducing strong updrafts. AH found play roles all processes studied, while effect types most pronounced least visible near noon.