From "Special K" to "Special M": the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine.

摘要: SUMMARY This article reviews the recreational use of ketamine (“Special K”; KET) and explores recent diffusion its new derivative methoxetamine M”; MXE). The literature search on nonclinical/recreational KET MXE was carried out in a range medical databases. Considering limitations peer-reviewed information, data were integrated with qualitative assessment websites, drug fora, other online resources including e-newsgroups, chat rooms, mailing lists, e-newsletters, bulletin boards. has started since discovery 1962. due to rapid onset, short duration action, peculiar psychotropic effects (“K-hole”). latter effect ranges from confusion dissociation depersonalization (near-death experience). However, abuse is often associated physical psychological side effects, which worst urological/bladder toxicity. Recently, emerged as legal “bladder-friendly” alternative. presents same dissociative KET, but slower onset longer action. seems be worse than ranging mood disturbances/suicidal attempts acute cerebellar After 50 years discovery, led emergence MXE. this does not appear safer alternative itself.