Individual transferable quota contribution to environmental stewardship: a theory in need of validation

摘要: We explored the extent to which (1) individual transferable quotas (ITQs) may lead changes in environmental stewardship and (2) turn contribute explain success or otherwise of ITQs meeting sustainability objectives. are an example incentive-based fisheries management fishing rights can be privately owned traded. aimed at resolving problems created by open-access fisheries. were proposed promote economic efficiency, there is growing empirical evidence that meet a number social Even though improved stock status arises as consequence total allowable catch levels implemented together with ITQs, effect difficult separate from improvement attributable existing new changes. However, improvements have also been attributed increased resulting allocation rights. defined set normative values private individuals hold, entail perceived duties obligations carefully manage use marine resources. did not debate objectives but discussed premise this part change fishers' stewardship. In particular, because absence literature, we theoretical effects introduction conjunction comanagement on Although psychological theory suggests relationship, insufficient draw conclusion outcomes ethics arising combined allocating ITQ-managed Complexity added move fewer generally larger scale operations, concentration ownership processors investors, increasing numbers lease fishers, corporate membership committees all affect stewardship, more research needed establish direction these fact playing out.