Plumeria rubra L.- A review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies.

摘要: Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a deciduous, commonly ornamental, tropical plant grown in home premises, parks, gardens, graveyards, because of its beautiful and attractive flowers various colours size. The different parts the are used traditionally to treat diseases conditions like leprosy, inflammation, diabetic mellitus, ulcers, wounds, itching, acne, toothache, earache, tongue cleaning, pain, asthma, constipation antifertility. Aim review main aim this provide an overview critically analyze reported ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities toxicological studies P. identify remaining gaps thus supply basis for further investigations. also focuses towards drawing attention people researchers about wide spread pharmaceutical properties better utilization coming future. Material methods All relevant data information on was gathered using databases such as PubMed, Springer, Taylor Francis imprints, NCBI (National Center Biotechnology Information), Science direct, Google scholar, Chemspider, SciFinder, research articles from peer-reviewed journals unpublished Phd thesis, etc. Some other ‘grey literature’ sources webpages, ethnobotanical books, chapters, wikipedia were studied. Results More than 110 chemical constituents have been isolated including iridoids, terpenoids, flavonoids flavonoid glycosides, alkaloids, fatty acid esters, carbohydrates, animo acids, lignan, coumarin, volatile oils, important responsible fulvoplumierin, plumieride, rubrinol, lupeol, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, taraxasteryl acetate, plumieride-p-E-coumarate, rubranonoside, rubrajalellol, plumericin, isoplumericin, possess range present namely antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anthelmintic, antifertility many activities. Conclusion valuable medicinal source study topic can validate traditional use plant. However, aspects not studied yet. activity active constituent proven only couple hence, lack bio-guided isolation strategies observed. Further bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, mechanism action structural relationship pure compounds will contribute more understanding their effects. Higher doses extracts administered experimental animals, therefore toxicity side effects humans needed be thoroughly studied, although no effect or seen observed animals. Studies essential investigate long term vivo clinical efficacy