Botulinum toxin: description of injection techniques and examination of controversies surrounding toxin diffusion.
作者： E. C.-H. Lim , R. C. S. Seet
DOI: 10.1111/J.1600-0404.2007.00931.X
关键词: Toxin 、 Weakness 、 Protein content 、 Anesthesia 、 Muscle size 、 Surgery 、 Imaging guidance 、 Neuromuscular junction 、 Electromyography 、 Botulinum toxin 、 Medicine
摘要: The benefits derived from botulinum toxin (BTX) injections may be negated by unintentional weakness of adjacent uninjected muscles. Such the result inaccurate targeting, or diffusion BTX to surrounding Several techniques, using electromyographic, endoscopic imaging guidance are purported increase accuracy targeting. Diffusion is thought influenced factors such as dose, concentration, injectate volume, number injections, site and rate injection, needle gauge, muscle size, muscular fascia, distance tip neuromuscular junction, protein content formulation. This article describes techniques that aim examines controversies following injection.
sci-hub.se 参考文章(98)
J.W.M. Brans, M. Aramideh, J.H.T.M. Koelman, R. Lindeboom, J. D. Speelman, B. W. Ongerboer de Visser, Electromyography in cervical dystonia Changes after botulinum and trihexyphenidyl Neurology. ,vol. 51, pp. 815- 819 ,(1998) , 10.1212/WNL.51.3.815
R ESSANI, G SARKISYAN, R BEART, G AULT, P VUKASIN, A KAISER, Cost-saving effect of treatment algorithm for chronic anal fissure: a prospective analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. ,vol. 9, pp. 1237- 1244 ,(2005) , 10.1016/J.GASSUR.2005.07.007
Raúl Calderón-González, A mexican pediatric neurologist: An autobiographical sketch Journal of Child Neurology. ,vol. 18, pp. 50- 53 ,(2003) , 10.1177/08830738030180010401
Alice M. K. Wong, Chia-Ling Chen, Carl P. C. Chen, Shih-Wei Chou, Chia-Ying Chung, Max J. L. Chen, Clinical effects of botulinum toxin A and phenol block on gait in children with cerebral palsy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. ,vol. 83, pp. 284- 291 ,(2004) , 10.1097/01.PHM.0000118038.02326.CA
M. P. Barnes, D. Best, L. Kidd, B. Roberts, S. Stark, P. Weeks, J. Whitaker, The use of botulinum toxin type-B in the treatment of patients who have become unresponsive to botulinum toxin type-A – initial experiences European Journal of Neurology. ,vol. 12, pp. 947- 955 ,(2005) , 10.1111/J.1468-1331.2005.01095.X
Christopher M. Shaari, Elaina George, Bei-Lian Wu, Hugh F. Biller, Ira Sanders, Quantifying the spread of botulinum toxin through muscle fascia. Laryngoscope. ,vol. 101, pp. 960- 964 ,(1991) , 10.1288/00005537-199109000-00006
E.-K. Tan, Botulinum toxin treatment of sialorrhea: comparing different therapeutic preparations. European Journal of Neurology. ,vol. 13, pp. 60- 64 ,(2006) , 10.1111/J.1468-1331.2006.01447.X
W. C. Wiederholt, “End‐plate noise” in electromyography Neurology. ,vol. 20, pp. 214- 214 ,(1970) , 10.1212/WNL.20.3.214
A M Bakheit, C D Ward, D L McLellan, Generalised botulism-like syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a report of two cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. ,vol. 62, pp. 198- 198 ,(1997) , 10.1136/JNNP.62.2.198
G. Zaninotto, V. Vergadoro, V. Annese, M. Costantini, M. Costantino, D. Molena, C. Rizzetto, M. Epifani, A. Ruol, L. Nicoletti, E. Ancona, Botulinum toxin injection versus laparoscopic myotomy for the treatment of esophageal achalasia: economic analysis of a randomized trial. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques. ,vol. 18, pp. 691- 695 ,(2004) , 10.1007/S00464-003-8910-6