What we could do now: molecular pathology of bladder cancer.

摘要: There is much information on the genetic alterations that contribute to development of bladder cancer. Because it hypothesised genotype cancer cell plays a major role in determining phenotype, this should impact clinical practice. To date however, has not happened. Some identified have clear associations with outcome—for example, mutational inactivation cycle regulator proteins p53 and retinoblastoma protein (Rb). However, as single markers, these events insufficient predictive power be applied management individual patients. The use panels markers potential solution problem. Examples suitable include those genes/proteins known specific checkpoints or cellular phenotypes, such immortalisation, invasion, metastasis. evaluate marker panels, large tumour series will needed—for archival samples from completed trials. valuable resources require coordination sample provision. This might involve central collection distribution tissue blocks, sections, arrays provision patient follow up laboratories participating study. With availability microarray technologies, including cDNA comparative genomic hybridisation arrays, transcriptome genome transitional carcinomas different phenotypes can compared undoubtedly provide wealth diagnostic prognostic uses. Although studies initiated using small local collections, high quality fresh tissues new trials crucial for proper evaluation outcome. Funding molecular pathological been poor. begin translate laboratory clinic make maximum urological UK, adequate funding scientific energy are required. Whereas latter doubt, present type translational research inadequate.