Selection of trait combinations through bee and fly visitation to flowers of Polemonium foliosissimum.

摘要: Pollinators are known to exert natural selection on floral traits, but the extent which combinations of traits subject correlational (nonadditive effects two fitness) is not well understood. Over years, we used phenotypic manipulations plant test for flower colour, shape and their interaction rates pollinator visitation Polemonium foliosissimum. We also tested based weighting by amount conspecific pollen delivered per visit each category insect visitor. Although bumblebees were presumed pollinators, solitary bees flies contributed substantially (42%) pollination. In one trait at a time, insects visited flowers presenting colour over manipulated present artificial mutants with either paler or more open tubular flower. When both in combination, arose, responding mainly shape. Despite year many bumblebees, saw no evidence these traits. when predominated, fly showed pattern selection, favouring phenotype, was still detected expected receipt. These results show that pollinator-mediated can be generated alone, provide specifically current phenotype.