The post-normal science of precaution

摘要: Abstract Science now finds itself in a new and troubled situation. The traditional optimistic picture is problematic compromised at every turn. scientific system faces crisis of confidence, legitimacy ultimately power. We can usefully distinguish two sorts science. ‘mainstream’ reductionist style, increasingly linked to industry. By contrast, the ‘post-normal’ approach embodies precautionary principle. It depends on public debate, involves an essential role for ‘extended peer community’. based recent recognition influence values all research, even including basic statistical tests significance. appropriate methodology when either systems uncertainties or decision stakes are high; under those conditions puzzle-solving ‘normal science’ obsolete. This drastic cultural change science, which many scientists will difficult accept. But there no turning back; we understand post-normal science as extension democracy our age.