Fish as research tools: alternatives to in vivo experiments.

摘要: The use of fish in scientific research is increasing worldwide, due to both the rapid expansion farming industry and growing awareness questions concerning humane mammalian models basic chemical testing. As are lower on evolutionary scale than mammals, they considered be less sentient. Fish providing researchers, those concerned with animal welfare, opportunities for adhering Three Rs principles refinement, reduction replacement. However, it should kept mind that also covered by Rs. Indeed, various studies have shown capable nociception, experiencing pain a manner analogous mammals. Thus, emphasis needs placed development alternatives replace, as much possible, all living vertebrate animals, including fish. This review gives first comprehensive critical overview existing live experimental studies. alternative methods described range from cell tissue cultures, organ perfusion models, embryonic silico computer mathematical models. article aspires guide scientists adoption correct their research, and, whenever reduce