H+, Na+, K+, and Amino Acid Transport in Caterpillar and Larval Mosquito Alimentary Canal

摘要: Two principal strategies are used to energize membranes in living organisms, a Na+ strategy and voltage strategy. In the primary Na+/K+ ATPase imposes both K+ concentration gradients across cell with high outside inside cells. The gradient, Δ[Na+] is drive diverse secondary transporters. For example, many animal cells drives inwardly coupled H+ outwardly, mediated by Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs). They provide means which metabolically produced acids ejected from mammalian [70]. electron transport system of prokaryotes or V-ATPases eukaryotes, impose ΔΨ, biological positive. ΔΨ (Na+ K+)/nH+ antiport that antiporters (NHAs). stoichiometry NHEs 1Na+ 1H+ so they independent membrane potential said be electroneutral. NHAs more than driven ion electrophoretic. operate opposite direction NHEs, moving nH+ outwardly. also Na+- K+-coupled nutrient amino acid uptake electrophoretic K+) symporters (NATs) [11]. eukaryotic sources plasma have classically been considered K+, Na+, other ionic diffusion potentials. Thus, potentials dominate resting action squid axon nerves. Only recently ΔΨs generated becoming recognized as energy source for transporters [35, 65, 90]. translocate outwardly leaving their partner anion (gegenion) behind. charge capacitance resulting transmembrane voltage, translocated H+s exchange numerous Na+s K+s bulk solution, transforming electrochemical gradient turn symport via NAT into Membrane energization accomplished five-phase consisting (1) solution cells, (2) solution/membrane interface, (3) membrane, (4) (5) [36, 49, 50].