Water end-use estimation can support the urban water crisis management: A critical review.

摘要: Abstract The present study reviews the overall perspectives of end-use studies on urban water crisis management by analysing their beneficial application in conservation and wastewater recycling. paper incorporates a critical review consumption 16 major countries from 3 continents, i.e. Asia, Europe, Australia. reflected different trend between developed developing nations, thereby implying need for separate prospects results these countries. Besides, percentage greywater generated varies 54% to 86% total indoor household thus can be valuable resource solve crisis. There exists strong correlation amount used shower (R2 = 0.69) laundry (R2 = 0.50). same, R2 values, end-uses toilet flushing, dishwashing, taps with greywater, were found 0.30, 0.26, 0.04, respectively. Further, except pertaining taps, all other has witnessed an upward spiral time, which may attributed improved accuracy collected data or increased contribution ‘leaks/others’ category. In nations like USA, there is not single that shown absolute increase time owing variety measures such as awareness, education, retrofitting appliances several factors governmental restrictions. Change attitude or/and behaviour people towards use driven drought-like experience could also valid reason. After this extensive pattern, we proposed specific recycling models are expected help engineers, governments, policymakers sustainable management.