Mechanisms and implications of reactive oxygen species generation during the unfolded protein response: roles of endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductases, mitochondrial electron transport, and NADPH oxidase.

摘要: Abstract Cellular mechanisms governing redox homeostasis likely involve their integration with other stresses. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers complex adaptive or proapoptotic signaling defined as the unfolded protein response (UPR), involved in several pathophysiological processes. Since folding is highly redox-dependent, convergence between ER and oxidative has attracted interest. Evidence suggests that ROS production are not only coincidental to stress, but integral UPR components, being triggered by distinct types of stressors contributing support proapoptotic, well proadaptive signaling. Thus, generation can be upstream downstream targets may display a UPR-specific plus nonspecific component. Enzymatic during include: (a) Multiple thiol–disulfide exchanges involving oxidoreductases including flavooxidase Ero1 disulfide isomerase (PDI); (b) Mitochondrial ele...