Potential for using visual, auditory and olfactory cues to manage foraging behaviour and spatial distribution of rangeland livestock.

摘要: This paper reviews the literature and reports on current state of knowledge regarding potential for managers to use visual (VC), auditory (AC) olfactory (OC) cues manage foraging behaviour spatial distribution rangeland livestock. We present evidence that free-ranging livestock these sensory make decisions about foraging, drinking, habitat selection distribution, detect avoid predators. provides with opportunities favourably alter behavioural patterns ungulates. Opportunities shape arise primarily from abilities animals to: (a) learn respond cue–consequence associations enhance their ability adapt changing environments rangelands, (b) generalize learned across temporal scales (c) influence one another’s through social learning. Key principles is initially reviewed fine-scale studies (e.g., controlled conducted in mazes, arenas). Applications are then highlighted dealing field-scale observational large pastures or paddocks). discuss management implications derived studies. Finally, we summarize conclusions recommendations future research directions. The here suggest VC, AC OC associated positive negative reinforcers can be used effectively direct towards away selected areas. feasibility altering grazing pressure rangelands without having build expensive, static fences has provide substantial economic ecologic advantages.