Indirect Effects of Carnivores on Livestock Foraging Behavior and Production

摘要: forced by predators to forage in suboptimal habitats that contain lower quality or quantity of nutrients, and higher levels toxins. Moreover, overuse lowered carrying capacity could contribute resource degradation (e.g., overgrazing marginal habitats, increased erosion sedimentation) producer profits due declines livestock production weight gain, body condition, lamb calf crop). Thus, indirect impacts predation may have negative on the ecological integrity land, as well personal,