Targeting the Immune System With Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: What Is the Cargo's Mechanism of Action?

摘要: The potent immunomodulatory activities displayed by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have motivated their application in hundreds of clinical trials to date. In some countries, they subsequently been approved for the treatment immune disorders such as Crohn’s disease and graft-versus-host disease. Increasing evidence suggests that main mechanism action vivo relies on paracrine signaling extracellular vesicles. Mesenchymal cell-derived vesicles (MSC-EVs) play a prominent role intercellular communication allowing horizontal transfer microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, lipids other bioactive molecules between MSCs targets. However, despite considerable momentum gained MSC-EV research, precise which MSC-EVs interact with system is still debated. Available highly context-dependent fragmentary, limited number reports trying link efficacy specific active components shuttled within them. this concise review, currently available molecular mechanisms underlying effects cargo analyzed. Studies pinpoint MSC-EV-borne mediators immunomodulation are highlighted, focus events triggered target cells. Reports study preconditioning or “licensing” MSC-EV-mediated also presented. need further studies dissect adaptive emphasized. Finally, major challenges be addressed harness full potential these vehicles discussed, ultimate goal effectively translating treatments into clinic.