Impacts of marine plastic pollution from continental coasts to subtropical gyres-fish, seabirds, and other vertebrates in the SE Pacific

摘要: Anthropogenic Marine Debris (AMD) in the SE Pacific has primarily local origins from land-based sources, including cities (coastal and inland), beach-goers, aquaculture, fisheries. The low frequency of AMD colonized by oceanic biota (bryozoans, lepadid barnacles) suggests that most litter items coastal waters Humboldt Current System (HCS) are pulled offshore into South Subtropical Gyre (SPSG). highest densities floating micro- macroplastics reported SPSG. An extensive survey photographic records, unpublished data, conference proceedings, published studies revealed interactions with plastics for 97 species Pacific, 20 fish, 5 sea turtles, 53 seabirds, 19 marine mammals. Sea turtles affected plastics, underlined fact 4 suffer both entanglement ingestion. Reports gathered this review suggest along continental coast mostly via entanglement. High frequencies microplastic ingestion have been planktivorous fish seabirds inhabiting islands exposed to high microplastics concentrated currents Our also some highly productive HCS face risk negative AMD, because food plastic front systems. In order improve conservation vertebrates, especially urgent measures reduction needed.