Energetic considerations for managing double-crested cormorants on Lake Champlain

摘要: Abstract We studied foraging distribution, activity budgets, fish consumption, and energetics of double-crested cormorants ( Phalacrocorax auritus ) at two breeding colonies on Lake Champlain. Our objective was to determine if consumption distribution predation changed with movements associated efforts reduce numbers one the colonies. Wildlife managers reduced populations Young Island, Vermont by oiling their eggs, which resulted in dispersal 35 km south Four Brothers Islands, New York. found that as shifted from Island colony energy demands, total increased. Birds Islands foraged a greater distance compared birds Island. Additionally, yellow perch Perca flavescens rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax when more bred Islands. The but increased overall consumption. estimates ranged 322,000–425,000 kg per year 899,000–1,086,000 kg Results this study demonstrate secondary impacts management unmanaged areas.