Multiple breeding individuals within groups in a social carnivore

摘要: Breeding strategies of cooperative breeders can vary widely ranging from multiple breeding pairs in a group, to polygamy, polyandry, and combinations all 3 forms. Often, we do not have clear understanding the influences or mechanisms giving rise presence individuals within groups. This is particularly true for animals that are difficult manipulate observe, such as large carnivores. I examined factors associated with occurrence groups population recolonizing gray wolves (Canis lupus). Additionally, investigated what might affect pup recruitment females. used monitoring data Idaho Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States well genetic pedigree subset wolf contained females Idaho. High density group size were both significant increase frequency group. The probability survived their first year was related positively number Multiple also take form “sneaker” males responsible paternity nearly 13% pups born. this social carnivore may be more variable than previously assumed, but predicted by density. Wolf projection models studies regarding reproduction would benefit incorporating potential individuals. Genetic particular will reliable if they incorporate effect sneaker on diversity population.