Long-term sustained malaria control leads to inbreeding and fragmentation of Plasmodium vivax populations

摘要: Plasmodium vivax populations are more resistant to malaria control strategies than falciparum , maintaining high genetic diversity and gene flow even at low transmission. To quantify the impact of declining transmission on P. populations, we investigated population structure over time during intensified efforts a wide range intensities spatial scales in Southwest Pacific. Analysis 887 microsatellite haplotypes (Papua New Guinea, PNG = 443, Solomon Islands 420, Vanuatu =24) revealed substantial among countries modestly as decreases space time. In Islands, which has had sustained for 20 years, significant was observed different down sub-village level. Up 37% alleles were partitioned between multilocus linkage disequilibrium indicating inbreeding. High levels haplotype relatedness around households within 300m consistent with focal clustered infections suggesting that restricted local occurs vector movement subsequent inbreeding may be key factor contributing structure. We conclude unique strategies, including relapse allows withstand pressure from longer . However do eventually parasite further pressure, fragment into foci could targeted elimination.