Genetic and cellular basis of multistep carcinogenesis

摘要: Abstract Experimental evidence indicates that cancer development is a multistep process, and multiple genetic changes are required before normal cell becomes fully neoplastic. These involve oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, possibly senescence genes. From studies in vivo using several different animal models, the stages broadly defined as initiation, promotion progression, clearly both epigenetic events. Studies vitro culture systems have allowed process to be dissected greater detail at cellular molecular level. In Syrian hamster embryo model, neoplastic progression requires four heritable changes, involving activation of two oncogenes loss Like experimental systems, limited number human tumors suggest paradigm also applicable, similar events involved humans.