The microbial ecology of wine grape berries.

摘要: Grapes have a complex microbial ecology including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics effects upon wine production. Some species are only found in grapes, such as parasitic fungi environmental bacteria, while others the ability to survive grow wines, constituting consortium. This consortium covers yeast species, lactic acid acetic bacteria. The proportion of these microorganisms depends on grape ripening stage availability nutrients. Grape berries susceptible fungal parasites until veraison after which microbiota truly intact is similar that plant leaves, dominated by basidiomycetous (e.g. Cryptococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp. Sporobolomyces spp.) yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. cuticle visually may bear microfissures softens ripening, increasing nutrient explaining possible dominance oxidative or weakly fermentative ascomycetous populations Candida Hanseniaspora Metschnikowia Pichia approaching harvest time. When skin clearly damaged, high sugar concentrations berry surface favours increase ascomycetes higher activity like Zygoascus hellenicus, dangerous spoilage Zygosaccharomyces Torulaspora spp.), Gluconobacter Acetobacter spp.). fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae rarely unblemished berries, being favoured damage. Lactic minor partners typical agent malolactic fermentation, Oenococcus oeni has been seldom isolated from grapes vineyard. Environmental ubiquitous genus Enterobacter Enterococcus Bacillus Burkholderia Serratia Staphylococcus among others, but do not wines. Saprophytic moulds, Botrytis cinerea, causing grey rot, Aspergillus possibly producing ochratoxin, active vineyard, although their metabolites affect quality during processing. impact damaged underestimated mostly because inaccurate sampling. Injured hidden apparently sound bunches explain recovery number when whole picked. health status main factor affecting both numbers diversity. Therefore, influence abiotic climate, rain, hail), biotic insects, birds, phytopathogenic saprophytic moulds) viticultural fungicides) factors dependent primary damaging effect.