Management of bacterial and fungal infections in end stage liver disease and liver transplantation: Current options and future directions.

摘要: Patients with liver cirrhosis are susceptible to infections due various mechanisms, including abnormalities of humoral and cell-mediated immunity occurrence bacterial translocation from the intestine. Bacterial common represent a reason for progression failure increased mortality. Fungal infections, mainly caused by Candida spp., often associated delayed diagnosis high mortality rates. High level suspicion along prompt treatment warranted. fungal negatively affect outcomes transplant candidates recipients, causing disease among patients on waiting list increasing mortality, especially in early post-transplant period. Abdominal, biliary tract, bloodstream Gram-negative bacteria [e.g., Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)] Staphylococcus spp. commonly encountered recipients. Due frequent exposure broad-spectrum antibiotics, invasive procedures, prolonged hospitalizations, these at risk developing multidrug resistant bacteria. The increase antimicrobial resistance hampers choice an adequate empiric therapy warrants knowledge local microbial epidemiology implementation infection control measures. main characteristics management recipients presented.