Nest-vicinity song exchanges may coordinate biparental care of northern cardinals

摘要: In species with biparental care, communication between the parents may increase efficiency and decrease risks of care delivery. northern cardinals, Cardinalis cardinalisthe female's singing from nest provide information that allows her conspicuous mate to target his visits times when food is needed, saving energy flights attract predators. Thirteen pairs cardinals were recorded in 25 nestings over six summers Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. When a male nestlings sang or called within 12 m nest, probability bringing varied mate's response. The was more likely come female than she did not, unless responded male's song matching type. Most males least their mates matched songs.