Climate change adaptation in the world's best places: A wicked problem in need of immediate attention

摘要: Abstract Natural World Heritage (WH) sites are globally recognized as having universal value, providing society with critical ecosystem services like biodiversity, clean water, and recreational opportunity. Every natural WH site is at risk from climate change, but the scope nature of that varies widely. Climate change adaptation a wicked problem; is, there no clear-cut solutions stakeholders each disagree on values, norms first steps, making difficult. Yet, delaying action poses more risks than taking under uncertainty. I synthesize refereed literature relevant to for sites. argue should be based. It begin by understanding linkages among attributes surrounding landscape, asking how off-site on-site practices might reduce negative effects those attributes. Adaptation responses tiered. Fine-scale, less expensive easier will have impact coarse-scale involving community. We cannot precisely predict future conditions so we must act adaptively, designing responses, acting, evaluating results, re-designing trying again. Action constrained institutional mandates focused preserving existing rather recognizing dynamic future. Adaptive, Participatory Transformative, deployed through clumsy solutions. Such require strong leadership excellent communication, drawing together widely disparate views iterative focusing resilience. That requirement establishes need capacity development adaptation.