DYNAMICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA EVOLUTION IN ANIMALS: AMPLIFICATION AND SEQUENCING WITH CONSERVED PRIMERS

摘要: Abstract With a standard set of primers directed toward conserved regions, we have used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify homologous segments mtDNA from more than 100 animal species, including mammals, birds, amphibians, fishes, and some invertebrates. Amplification direct sequencing were possible using unpurified nanogram samples fresh specimens microgram amounts tissues preserved for months in alcohol or decades dry state. The bird fish sequences evolve with same strong bias transitions that holds mammals. However, because light strand birds is deficient thymine, thymine cytosine are less common other taxa. Amino acid replacement segment cytochrome b gene faster mammals fishes pattern replacements fits structural hypothesis b. unexpectedly wide taxonomic utility these offers opportunities phylogenetic population research.