Modeling Disjunct Gray Wolf Populations in Semi-Wild Landscapes

摘要: Gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) in parts of the United States and Europe live networks disjunct pop- ulations, many which are close to human settlement. Because wolf management goals include sustaining populations, it is important ask what types areas protections needed for population sur- vival. To predict effects different levels human-caused mortality, we created a simulation model living semi-wild landscape with abundant, well distributed prey. The included maximum 16 territories divided into core peripheral range. mortality rate range was 20%, whereas (40%) higher because deaths. We examined relationship between proportions 50-year occupancy that by packs, given assumptions about pup dispersal immigration. Simulations showed increased as number sites increased, but curve location depended on parameter assumptions. With rates consistent those disease-free legally protected saturated 16-territory cluster few two sites, regardless immigration rate. When populations had high or immigrants per year helped maintain . 80%) site clusters four more sites. Small numbers were also colonizing buffering negative environmental variation. simulations supported claim can survive provided move persecution not excessive, prey abundant.