The atmosphere of Venus

摘要: The investigations of Venus take a special position in planetary researches. It was just the atmosphere where first measurements situ were carried out by means equipment delivered space probe (Venera 4, 1967). appeared to be neighbor planet whose surface had been seen us direct nearness made possible phototelevision device 9 and Venera 10, 1975). reasons for high interest this are very simple. This is like Earth its mass, size amount energy obtained from Sun at same time it differs sharply character climate. We hope that will lead define more precisely idea complex physical physical-chemical processes which rule evolution atmospheres. learn forecast maybe, far future, control it. last expeditions 1978 — American (Pioneer-Venus) Soviet 11 12) brought much news interesting sum up results now. contents review are: Here we have attempted data published 1979 partly 1980. list references not exhaustive. Publications issues magazines collected articles concerning separate became traditional time. on probes 9, 10 (the publications) Kosmicheskie issledovanija (14, Nos. 5, 6, 1975), analogous material about 11, 12 given Pis'ma Astron. Zh. (5, 1 1978), (16, No. 1979). Pioneer-Venus mission represented two Science (203, 4382; 205, 4401) issue J. Geophys. Res. (1980). shall mention some topic among previous surveys: (Moroz, 1971; Sagan, Marov, 1972; Hunten et al., 1977; Hoffman 1977) also books Kuzmin Marov (1974) Kondrat'ev (1977). Some useful information part ground-based observations may found older sources (for example, Sharonov, 1965; Moroz, For briefness use as abbreviations missions names: V4 instead M10 Mariner so on. artificial satellites world (orbiters 10) mark V9-O, V10-O unlike descent V9, V10. Fly-by modules V11-F V12-F. Pioneers Large (Sounder), Day, Night North marked P-L, P-D, P-Ni, P-No, orbiter P-O, bus P-B.