Mitigating heat demand peaks in buildings in a highly renewable European energy system

摘要: Abstract Space and water heating accounts for about 40% of final energy consumption in the European Union thus plays a key role reducing overall costs greenhouse gas emissions. Many scenarios to reach net-zero emissions buildings rely on electrification, but meeting heat demand peaks winter can be challenging, particularly when wind solar resources are low. This paper examines how mitigate space most cost-effectively top-down, sector-coupled model with carbon dioxide constraint net-zero. It introduces first that co-optimises both supply efficiency simultaneously including all countries hourly resolution. The competition between technologies address these peaks, namely building retrofitting, thermal storage individual hybrid pumps backup boilers is examined. A novel thought experiment demonstrates level renovation driven by strong seasonal rather than consumption. If three instruments applied, total reduced up 17%. Building enables largest benefit cost savings 14% allows removed from system without significant higher costs.