Small-firm formation in biotechnology: A comparison of France, Britain and Canada

摘要: Abstract A comparison is made of the pattern emergence, survival and growth small biotechnology firms in France, Britain Canada, using surveys three countries. These data are compared turn with what known about US from literature. Although literature suggests that appearance new industries based on emergence new, high-technology a phenomenon, evidence presented nearly comparable firm commercialisation countries studied, relative to size However, Canadian, French British appeared 1–4 years later than firms, still somewhat weaker. While generally held have an entrepreneurial culture supportive private finance industry providing venture capital, which provide stimulus formation, other public policy — greater or lesser extent up for lack private-sector finance. Differences financial institutions instruments all four analysed. In each them, networks cooperation between organisations, including established also played important role firms. Unlike microelectronics experience, there was complementary established, large end-user not been pushed aside by dedicated Some grown successful; some cases has now overtaken, taken over ones.