Reciprocal relations between parents' physical discipline and children's externalizing behavior during middle childhood and adolescence.

摘要: Using data from two long-term longitudinal projects, we investigated reciprocal relations between maternal reports of physical discipline and teacher self-ratings child externalizing behavior, accounting for continuity in both over time. In Study 1, which followed a community sample 562 boys girls age 6 to 9, high levels given year predicted behavior the next year, year. 2, an independent 290 lower income, higher risk 10 15, mother-reported ratings antisocial but did not predict parents' use neither was there evidence that associations changed as aged, findings were moderated by gender, race, socioeconomic status, or severity discipline. Implications nature socialization process risks associated with are discussed.