摘要: Pain and other nonmotor symptoms in PD are increasingly recognized as a major cause of reduced health-related quality life. may be categorized into number different subtypes, including musculoskeletal, dystonic, radicular neuropathic, central pain. The onset pain can vary relation to motor symptoms, precede the appearance by several years, or occur after diagnosis has been made. is frequently under-recognized often inadequately treated. Levodopa-related dystonia respond manipulation dopaminergic medication. Dopaminergic therapy also improve musculoskeletal related rigidity akinesia, well akathisia PD. Botulinum toxin injections effective for treatment painful focal dystonia. dysesthesia have reported with DBS, some cases. Increased understanding basal ganglia pathways provided further insights pathogenesis PD, but exact mechanism processing modulation remains unclear.
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