A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities

摘要: Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in United States (US) and Canada, common among fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 116 studies conducted US Canada estimate annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us calculate estimates fatality rates reported all-bird 30% studies. The remaining 70% provided on then adjusted account detection bias loss carcasses scavenging. These represented about 15% current operating capacity (megawatts [MW]) all facilities information 4,975 fatalities, which we estimated 62.5% were small passerines comprising 156 species. For currently operation, that 134,000 230,000 small-passerine occur annually, 2.10 3.35 birds/MW installed capacity. When species composition, this indicates 368,000 annually collisions turbines. Other human-related sources deaths, (e.g., communication towers, buildings [including windows]), domestic cats) have been kill millions billions each year. Compared continent-wide population estimates, cumulative mortality per year highest black-throated blue warbler tree swallow; 0.043% entire suffer eighteen next values, ranged 0.008% 0.038%, much lower than attributed towers (1.2% 9.0% top twenty species).