Gene Duplication and Gain in the Trematode Atriophallophorus winterbourni Contributes to Adaptation to Parasitism.

摘要: Gene duplications and novel genes have been shown to play a major role in helminth adaptation parasitic lifestyle because they provide the novelty necessary for changing environment, such as living multiple hosts. Here we present de novo sequenced annotated genome of trematode Atriophallophorus winterbourni its comparative genomic analysis other trematodes. First, reconstructed species phylogeny, dated split A. from Opisthorchiata suborder approximately 237.4 Ma (±120.4 Myr). We then addressed question which expanded gene families gained are potentially involved parasitism. To do this, used hierarchical orthologous groups reconstruct three ancestral genomes on phylogeny leading performed GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment composition each genome, allowing us characterize subsequent changes. Out 11,499 much 24% arisen through duplication events since speciation Opisthorchiata, 31.9% appear be novel, that is, newly acquired. found 13 had more than ten arising these recent duplications; all functions relating host behavioral manipulation, tissue penetration, hiding immunity antigen presentation. identified several with evolving under positive selection. Our results valuable resource future studies basis parasitism point specific candidate putatively antagonistic host-parasite adaptation.