A role for FoxN3 in the development of cranial cartilages and muscles in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) with special emphasis on the novel rostral cartilages.

摘要: The origin of morphological novelties is a controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology. heads anuran larvae have several unique structures, including the supra- and infrarostral cartilages, specialised structure gill basket (used for filtration), novel cranial muscle arrangements. FoxN3, member forkhead/winged helix family transcription factors, has been implicated as important normal craniofacial development pipid Xenopus laevis. We investigated effects functional knockdown FoxN3 (using antisense oligonucleotide morpholino) on larval head skeleton associated muscles X. Our data complement earlier studies provide more complete account requirement chondrocranium development. In addition, we analyse show that primarily affects skeletal structures to larvae, i.e. rostralia or fine apparatus. articulation between Meckel's cartilage malformed filigreed processes do not develop. Because these features develop after knockdown, morphology resembles less salamanders. Furthermore, all cartilages derived from neural crest delayed fibre incomplete. precursors initially condense their proper position but later differentiate incompletely; visceral arch start at fail extend toward insertion. findings indicate essential such other tissues and, indirectly, also morphogenesis.