Borneo and Indochina are Major Evolutionary Hotspots for Southeast Asian Biodiversity

摘要: Tropical Southeast (SE) Asia harbors extraordinary species richness and in its entirety comprises four of the Earth's 34 biodiversity hotspots. Here, we examine assembly SE Asian biota through time space. We conduct meta-analyses geological, climatic, biological (including 61 phylogenetic) data sets to test which areas have been sources long-term diversity Asia, particularly pre-Miocene, Miocene, Plio-Pleistocene, whether respective dominated by situ diversification, immigration and/or emigration, or equilibrium dynamics. identify Borneo Indochina, particular, as major "evolutionary hotspots" for a diverse range fauna flora. Although most region's is result both accumulation immigrants within-area diversification subsequent emigration predominant signals characterizing Indochina Borneo's since at least early Miocene. In contrast, colonization events are comparatively rare from younger volcanically active emergent islands such Java, show increased levels events. Few dispersal were observed across biogeographic barrier Wallace's Line. Accelerated efforts conserve flora currently housing highest plant mammal richness, critically required.