Depressive symptoms and the metabolic syndrome in childhood and adulthood: a prospective cohort study.

摘要: The association of depression with cardiovascular disease is well-established (Musselman, Evans, & Nemeroff, 1998; Wulsin Singal, 2003). However, the mechanisms that account for this remain unclear (Nicholson, Kuper, Hemingway, 2006). It has been suggested may be linked to through metabolic disturbances constitute syndrome (Kinder, Kamarck, Baum, Orchard, 2002; Nicholson et al., a risk factor and mortality (Lakka Ninomiya 2003), consisting clustering several factors, such as central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension dyslipidemia, within one individual (Grundy 2005; Reaven, 1988). Studies on relationship between are mostly cross-sectional or limited restricted groups, middle-aged clinical populations. Prospective evidence in young healthy populations not selected at high scarce. In women it found levels predicted developing over 7.4 years (Raikkonen, Matthews, Kuller, 2002). Third National Health Nutrition Examination Survey, adult history least major depressive episode were twice likely have those no depression, whereas existed men Carnethon, Palaniappan, King, Fortmann, 2004). Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study, relation was syndrome, although directly related large waist circumference same study (Herva 2006). The above-mentioned studies used different definitions which makes difficult compare findings each other. Some Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria 2006; Kinder 2004; Raikkonen 2002), while others various measures reduced sensitivity (Everson-Rose, Suarez, Timonen, Lawlor, only so far compared clinically valid by Raikkonen, Kuller (2007) who symptoms development women, regardless whether definition. present examines similarly associated nationally representative sample Finnish adults both genders. Adverse health behaviors contribute syndrome. Depressive individuals known report poorer lifestyle habits sedentary lifestyles, intake saturated fats, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption (Carney, Freedland, Miller, Jaffe, Franko 2005). These behaviors, turn, significantly increase (Eckel, Grundy, Zimmet, Grundy For reason, we examined would explained aforementioned behaviors. immune system's functioning another candidate recently play role link C-reactive protein marker systemic inflammation involved (Elovainio 2006) (Haffner, promotes maintains inflammatory responses down-regulating glucocorticoid receptor expression, resulting inability benefit from cortisol's anti-inflammatory actions (Carney also potential confounder syndrome. Finally, most concentrated hypothesis consequence depression. possibility reverse causality, i.e., earlier its correlates, almost completely ignored literature. longitudinal (2002) showed increasing anger anxiety, but years. Whether bi-directional other populations, using time-scale, remains unclear. sought examine following them childhood into their adulthood. In population-based adults, : a) adulthood predictive components 9 later, b) having during life-course (childhood and/or adulthood) (the causality hypothesis). We 3 published guidelines diagnose syndrome: International Diabetes Federation guideline (IDF; Alberti, Shaw, 2005), Institute (NCEP; 2005) European Group Study Insulin Resistance (EGIR; Balkau Charles, 1999). Women separately, because previous research suggests more prevalent health-related risks than (Kinder