The Large Marine Ecosystem Approach for Assessment and Management of Ocean Coastal Waters

摘要: This chapter details a movement away from the management of commodities toward maintaining sustainability marine resources to ensure benefits ecosystem goods and services for future. The describes large ecosystems (LMES). Large Marine Ecosystems are areas ocean characterized by distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, trophic interactions. They national regional focal global effort reduce degradation linked watersheds, resources, coastal environments pollution, habitat loss, over- fishing. discusses role environment facility (GEF) modules LME assessment management. A five-module approach LMEs has proven useful in ecosystem-based projects United States elsewhere because relies on scientific information under discussion. five consist three that science-based activities focused fish/fisheries, pollution/ecosystem health. other two modules—Socioeconomics Governance—are socioeconomic be derived more sustainable resource base implementing governance mechanisms providing stakeholders stewardship interests with legal administrative support based practices. These processes critical integrating into practical way establishing regimes appropriate particular situation. reversing biomass depletion is possible LMEs. Recent actions serving reverse multi-decadal declines yields. At food web, primary productivity provides initial level carbon production important commercial fisheries. Zooplankton turn provide prey-resource larval stages fish, principal source herring mackerel waters north east shelf ecosystem.