Toll-like Receptors as Sensors of Pathogens

摘要: Initial recognition of microbes, as they enter the body, is based on germ line–encoded pattern receptors that selectively bind to essential components pathogens. This allows body respond immediately microbial invasion before development active immunity. The signal-transducing trigger acute inflammatory cascade have been elusive until very recently. On basis their genetic similarity Toll signaling pathway in Drosophila, mammalian Toll-like (TLRs) identified. By now, nine transmembrane proteins TLR family described. Mammalian TLR4 receptor activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. activation leads DNA binding transcription factor NF-κB, resulting cascade. Activation other TLRs likely similar consequences. TLR2 mediates host response Gram-positive bacteria and yeast. TLR1 TLR6 may participate macrophages bacteria, whereas TLR9 appears a specific sequence DNA. control onset an are critical antecedents for adaptive acquired Genetic developmental variation expression affect individual's predisposition infections childhood contribute susceptibility severe neonatal diseases, allergies, autoimmune diseases.