Modelling multi‐species and multi‐mode contact networks: Implications for persistence of bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife–livestock interface

摘要: Individual‐ and species‐level heterogeneity in contact rates can alter the ability of a pathogen to invade host community. Many pathogens have multiple modes transmission—by direct or indirect contact. It is important identify role different types transmission when managing risk disease spillover at interface among species. We developed network‐based analysis explore how individual‐ shape multi‐mode networks. applied this approach data from proximity loggers collected multi‐species community that contributes bovine tuberculosis (bTB) cattle populations Michigan, USA. used (a) quantify influence contacts system, (b) management interventions control spillovers, such as installation deer fences, observed networks c) predict wildlife species maintaining bTB found disproportionately influenced networks, with individual‐level having greater effect on also fences significantly reduced deer‐specific contacts. results our network show white‐tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) could act sole reservoir for implications understanding past dynamics persistence future. Synthesis applications. Analyses epidemiological rarely account contact, which lead an incomplete affect transmission. The multi‐mode, we develop study illustrates play roles depending type considered. This has wildlife–livestock interface, where strategies may need be multi‐pronged variable