Determining the Environmental Factors Underlying the Spatial Variability of Insect Appearance Phenology for the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, and the Small White, Pieris rapae

摘要: The spatial patterns of the variability appearance dates honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidea) and small white Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were investigated in Spain. A database more than 7,000 records first spring sightings each species 700 localities from 1952–2004 was used. Phenological data related to spatial, topographical, climate, land use, vegetation productivity explanatory variables by means multiple regression models order search for environmental mechanisms underlying observable phenological variability. Temperature altitudinal gradients accounted most phenology studied species, while use had low relevance. In both individuals recorded at those sites with warmer springs dry summers, altitudes, not covered farming (i.e., cereal crops). identity magnitude effect almost identical closely mirrored temperature gradients. best up half dates. Residuals did show a autocorrelation, meaning that no other spatially structured variable our working resolution could have improved results. Differences regard taxa, such as arrival migratory birds, suggest constraints may play an essential role matching between trophic levels.