Oral viral infections of adults

摘要: The field of virology has advanced greatly over the past two decades, mainly because introduction sophisticated molecular tools, such as monoclonal antibodies, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification, DNA sequencing, and protein microarray chip assays, rapid diagnostic tests. These technologies have been driving force in identification viral bodies, proteins nucleic acids body fluids tissue samples, determining host response to infections. 5th (2007) edition Fields Virology provides an indepth description methodology medical virology, is important source reference for this review (118). Viruses replicate only when present within eukaryotic (animals, plants, protists fungi) or prokaryotic (bacteria archaea) cells, not on their own. extracellular virion particle ranges size from 20 300 nm consists either RNA contained a protective capsid. Some viruses additional envelope comprising lipid bilayer derived outer cellular membrane, internal nuclear endoplasmic reticulum membrane infected cell. Taxonomically, are classified according presence RNA, single-stranded double-stranded acid, enveloped nonenveloped nucleocapsid. Additional taxonomical criteria include mode replication, type host, capsid shape, immunological properties disease association. recognizes reacts infecting virus by innate adaptive immune responses. Important cells system macrophages, dendritic natural killer cells. activate inflammatory cell types release antiviral cytokines cytotoxic agents, induce lymphocyte-mediated immunity. A significant cytokine stimulated through activation tumor necrosis factor-a receptor ⁄ factor-jB signal-regulated kinase pathway (49). Virally proteins, which presented major histocompatibility complex molecules surface serve epitopes specific Nonenveloped controlled humoral Enveloped immunity action CD8 T lymphocytes. After recognizing antigens lymphocytes inhibit replication cytolytic killing releasing interferons, chemokines, other pro-inflammatory mediators. Viral may be direct result destruction secondary consequence reactions against proteins. Proinflammatory play roles response, but interleukin-1b, interleukin-6 can also contribute manifestation. usually performs delicate balancing act between promoting responses limiting amount damage. To counteract attack, employ immunoevasive strategies suppress For example, some produce that alter hence exposure encode homologs decoy receptors capable binding neutralizing host-derived cytokines. rate mutation critical genes help avoid defense. Other gene products apoptosis, facilitates prolonged state spread virus. diseases oral mucosa perioral region often encountered dental practice, received limited research interest. ulcerogenic tumorigenic agents human mouth. finding abundance mammalian periodontitis lesions suggest role more than