Environmental effects on behavioural development consequences for fitness of captive-reared fishes in the wild

摘要: Why do captive-reared fishes generally have lower fitness in natural environments than wild conspecifics, even when the hatchery are derived from parents local population? A thorough understanding of this question is key to design artificial rearing that optimize post-release performance, as well recognize limitations what can be achieved by modifying methods. Fishes very plastic their development and through gene-environment interactions, epigenetic maternal effects phenotypes will develop differently depending on environment. This suggests there scope for conventional better prepare release into wild. The complexity environment impossible mimic full-scale facilities. So, reality, challenge identify modifications practically economically feasible efficiently promote towards a more wild-like phenotype. Do such really exist? Here, attempts use physical enrichment density reduction improve performance discussed evaluated. These manipulations show potential increase released environments, but success strongly dependent adequately adapting methods species life stage-specific conditions.