Development of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process based water quality model of Upper Ganga river basin, India.

摘要: Abstract The ecological sustainability of rivers is in question due to severe pollution and lack stringent regulations. Long term (1990–2016) water quality data five stations namely Haridwar, Bareilly, Kanpur, Prayagraj Varanasi Upper Ganga river, India was considered for analysis using fuzzy analytical process (FAHP) based index (WQI) assess surface quality. value physical, biological chemical parameters temporal resolution (monthly, seasonal yearly) indicate that electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), oxygen demand (BOD), (COD), alkalinity (Mg CaCO3), hardness calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) bicarbonate (HCO3) were observed very high compared recommended Bureau Indian Standards (BIS) World Health Organization (WHO) at stations. However, low Haridwar Bareilly Also, the deviation during 1990–2010 whereas decreased 2011–2016. It from piper diagram sodium, potassium are dominant monthly periods. WQI excellent poor while unsuitable ranges period good 2011–2016 Whereas 2011–2016 at Haridwar. also determined (Ca, Na+K, SO4, Hardness, Cl Mg) values increased with length stream. indicates drain discharge, urban growth, functions, footprints crop area increment key sources pollution.