Mycotoxin Contaminating Maize and Grass Silages for Dairy Cattle Feeding: Current State and Challenges

摘要: Silages may represent 50-80 % of the total amount diet for dairy cows during winter. There is overwhelming evidence contamination maize and grass silages with fungi associated trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A as well some emerging mycotoxins (agroclavine, andrastin A, beauvericin, enniatins, festuclavine, fusaric acid, mevinolin, mycophenolic roquefortins, T2/HT2 toxins). From year to year, multi contaminations often occurred seasonal variations. The levels incidences deoxynivalenol zearalenone raise concerns about animal health, overpassed EC regulatory limits (2006/576/EC) in 2006-samples from Poland 2000-2001 Germany. AFB1 exceeded maximum acceptable level samples Argentina. Atypical high occurring such roquefortine C (up 36,000 µg/kg), mevinolin 65,400 µg/kg) acid 35,000 were not covered by routine analysis legislation. These can diversely affect feed intake, productivity, reproductive performance health but acute intoxications causing death are rare. Monitoring mycotoxin extremely necessary. Both European international legislation concerning tolerable must be strict should also adapted include interaction impacts between toxins. Further studies needed evaluate attributed carry-over via meat, edible offal lactation. Reliable multi-detection methods developed cover normalized sampling plan heterogeneous distribution within silo, variation requirement detect low these contaminants. Conjugated (masked) forms long-term exposure deserved further assessment challenges.