Male blue monkey alarm calls encode predator type and distance

摘要: There is considerable controversy about what encoded when primates produce alarm calls to an external event. Results are often compatible with multiple explanations, such as differences in a caller's perceived level of threat, direction attack or category predator. Using acoustic predator models, we investigated how male blue monkeys', Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmani , were affected by type, distance, and elevation. We found that individuals produced two types acoustically distinct calls, ‘pyows’ ‘hacks’. Males these predator-specific ways, but call rates also the distance location discuss findings relation different hunting techniques common antipredator strategies pursued monkeys, deterrence conspecific warning.