Global biogeography and evolution of Cuvierina pteropods

摘要: Shelled pteropods are planktonic gastropods that potentially good indicators of the effects ocean acidification. They also have high potential for study zooplankton evolution because they metazoan plankton with a fossil record. We investigated phenotypic and genetic variation in belonging to genus Cuvierina relation their biogeographic distribution across world’s oceans. aimed assess species boundaries reconstruct evolutionary history. distinguished six morphotypes based on geometric morphometric analyses shells from 926 museum 113 fresh specimens. These distinct geographic distributions Atlantic, Pacific Indian oceans, belong three major clades COI 28S DNA sequence data. Using fossil-calibrated phylogeny, we estimated these separated Late Oligocene Early Middle Miocene. found evidence ecological differentiation among all niche modelling sea surface temperature, salinity phytoplankton biomass as primary determinants. Across analyses, highly congruent patterns suggesting level divergences between morphotypes. However, (e.g. Atlantic Ocean) were ecologically, but not genetically differentiated. Given specializations both described undescribed taxa, may respond equally future changes be sensitive Our findings support view an important driving force speciation zooplankton.